The thymus has been an enigmatic organ for centuries. Its true function was revealed only in 1961 when it was shown to be responsible for the proper development of the immune system. This finding has revolutionized the science of immunology and has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in resistance to infections and of the pathogenesis of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases.

L'originalite du present recueil reside surtout dans le fait qu'il reflete dans toute sa diversite le champ mondial de l'attention philosophique au langage. Au lieu de se confiner dans un territoire particulier - que ce soit celui de l'hermeneutique allemande ou celui de l'analytisme anglo-saxon par exemple - il s'offre, tout au contraire, comme espace de confrontation authentiquement philosophique (et non de debat technique a l'interieur d'une ecole ou d'une tendance) dans lequel des pensees des langages se cotoient et se (...) rencontrent venues des horizons les plus heterogenes (informatique, theologique, hermeneutique, analytique, pragmatique, ideologique,...). Cette riche diversite manifeste aussi l'extraordinaire interet de la pensee contemporaine pour le langage, interet qui fonde peut-etre la veritable specificite de la philosophie du XXe siecle. (shrink)

Jürgen Habermas, philosophe allemand né en 1929, et Richard Rorty, philosophe américain né en 1931, n'ont pas la même conception de la modernité. L'un propose de reprendre le projet des Lumières afin d'atteindre la modernité alors que l'autre affirme justement le contraire. C'est pourquoi les participants à ces actes ont décidé de se référer à ces notions philosophiques pour présenter la modernité telle que nous la vivons.

Originally published in 1941, this book contains the French text of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 1755 treatise Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes, in which he examines the artificial origins of human social structures designed to keep one group elevated above another. The preface by F. C. Green provides the historical context for Rousseau's essay and explains its influence on the authors of the French Revolution. This book will be of value to anyone with an interest (...) in French history or political philosophy. (shrink)

This chapter discusses the Ganser syndrome and gives a brief account on its clinical features. A significant number of clinicians in Europe continued accepting Ganser's basic postulates that the patients showed significant memory disorder and 'answers towards the question' within the framework of traumatic or reactive hysteria. In elderly patients, Ganser type symptoms may be indicative of the onset of dementia. Ganser syndrome raises the question of the interaction between concepts, ideology and clinical observation. The clinician must be aware that (...) a misdiagnosed case of Ganser-type hysteria may result in lawsuits, unnecessary surgical interventions, inappropriate use of minor and major tranquillizers, and social consequences that may be destabilizing for the patient and family. Positive results in the organic investigation should lead to a firm diagnosis and disconfirmation of Ganser syndrome. Persistent negative results and dramatic improvement should tend to confirm the diagnosis. (shrink)

The Cambridge Companion to Piaget provides a comprehensive introduction to different aspects of Jean Piaget's work.

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt of the content:Guibert of Tournai's Letter to Lady Isabelle:An Introduction and English TranslationLarry F. Field, Jacques Dalarun, Sean L. Field, and Guibert of TournaiIntroductionGuibert, from the noble family of As-Piès, was born near Tournai around 1200. From his hometown he traveled to Paris for his art degree, and completed the curriculum in theology there before entering the Franciscan Order around 1240. He may have participated in Louis IX's crusade of (...) 1248, but, if so, was surely back in Paris by 1254 at the latest, since he preached a cycle of sermons de dominicis et de sanctis to the university community before summer 1255.1 His regency as Franciscan master of theology at Paris was probably around 1259–1261,2 about the time he [End Page 31] completed his Eruditio regum et principum for Louis IX,3 and began his most substantial work, the Erudimentum doctrinae.4 Other significant treatises include his De pace et animi tranquillitate (ca. 1275)5 written for Marie de Dampierre, and the Collectio de scandalis ecclesiae, prepared for the Second Council of Lyon.6 Guibert died in Tournai on 7 October 1284.7Sometime around 1254, Guibert wrote a long letter of spiritual advice to Isabelle (1225–70), the sister of King Louis IX.8 Isabelle was herself a remarkable figure. She had rejected several proposals of marriage, including that with Conrad, the heir to Emperor Frederick II, in 1243, in spite of pressure from her family and Pope Innocent IV. But following a bout of serious illness at about that time,9 her family accepted her [End Page 32] decision to remain unwed. There is no evidence, however, that Isabelle ever pronounced a formal vow of virginity. Through the 1250s she simply remained at the Capetian court as a virgin princess with an increasing reputation for piety and indeed holiness, praised in lavish terms by Innocent IV in 1253 and Alexander IV in 1256.10 This piety took a distinctly Franciscan turn by 1254, when Pope Innocent IV granted her request for Franciscan confessors,11 which would ultimately result in her foundation of Longchamp, a house of Sorores minores just west of Paris, by 1260.12 Guibert's letter shows no awareness of such a project, indicating that it must have been written before spring 1255, by which time the land for Longchamp was being purchased on Isabelle's behalf.13 Guibert thus wrote at the moment when Isabelle was forming her first ties to the Franciscans, but well before her move to Longchamp, where she lived out the 1260s as resident lay patron (but never a nun).Guibert's Letter is really a short treatise of spiritual and moral advice, tailored to a celibate princess. It is organized around Psalm 44:14–15, All the glory of the king's daughter is within in golden fringes, clothed around with varieties. In a five-part structure, the king's daughter stands for a heavenly inheritance; glory within represents internal purity; gold indicates virginity; the fringes are a sign of humility; and clothed around with varieties points to honest comportment. The resulting "royal garment," however, is rather unequally woven together, with section one on the "heavenly inheritance" and the intertwined sections three and four on virginity and humility receiving by far the most space. In fact, section one forms a sort of treatise-within-a-treatise, organized as a ten-step ascent to the heavenly inheritance awaiting the daughter of the king. [End Page 33]The Letter to Lady Isabelle was first edited by Alphonse de Poorter in 1931, from a manuscript which contained only part of the text.14 The full text was brought into print by Sean Field in 2003,15 and translated into French by Jacques Dalarun in 2014.16 Yet in spite of these advances, the Letter has remained little noticed by scholars. Anne-Hélène Allirot offered several perceptive pages in 2010, stressing the way Guibert's treatment of hereditas implies that female members of the royal family might be particularly able to embody Capetian claims to holiness.17 That same year, in the only recent article dedicated specifically to this Letter, Rina Lahav... (shrink)

In recent decades we witnessed ongoing debates about the objectives of history education, with different underlying epistemological perspectives. This qualitative study explored prospective history teachers' beliefs about these objectives of history education. Prospective history teachers of six universities starting a teacher educational programme were invited to answer an open-ended questionnaire about history education. Six objectives were found: (1) memorising; (2) critical/explanatory; (3) constructivist; (4) perspective-taking; (5) moral; and (6) collective-identity objectives. Almost all prospective teachers mentioned several of these objectives. A (...) distinction between two epistemological perspectives on historical knowledge representation (factual or interpretive), was used as a framework for categorising the different objectives. More than half of the respondents mentioned objectives of history education that represent history as factual and objectives that represent history as interpretive. We propose that in actual practice most history teachers are combining epistemologically opposing objectives for pedagogical, political and religious motives. (shrink)

The quest for finding the right interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is as old as QM and still has not ended, and may never end. The question what an interpretation of QM is has hardly ever been raised explicitly, let alone answered. We raise it and answer it. Then the quest for the right interpretation can continue self-consciously, for we then know exactly what we are after. We present a list of minimal requirements that something has to meet in order to (...) qualify as an interpretation of QM. We also raise, as a side issue, the question how the discourse on the interpretation of QM relates to hermeneutics in Continental Philosophy. (shrink)

J. Tréheux, Νέα ανάγνωση τοΰ ευρετηρίου τοΰ Γυμνασίου της Δήλου. σ. 583-590 Μετά άπό διόρθωση ορισμένων σφαλμάτων ερμηνείας (π. χ. άστατα στ. 143 που σημαίνει δπως πάντα οχι ζυγισμένα) καί τήν στίξη τοΰ κυριώτερου ευρετηρίου τοΰ Γυμνασίου της Δήλου, ID 1417 (α. 156/5), Α, Ι, στ. 118-154, ό συγγραφέας προτείνει ένα νέο σχήμα γιά τή διαδρομή των διαχειριστών καί νέες ονομασίες γιά τίς εγκαταστάσεις τοΰ κτιρίου. Ή αίθουσα C πρέπει νά ήταν τό αποδυτήριο, ή αίθουσα G τό εξέαριο, ή αϊθουσα (...) Β ή σφαιρήστρια, ή αίθουσα F ή / τό επιστάσιο. Ουσιαστική παρατήρηση γιά τή διατύπωση τοΰ στ. 1 18, «δεξιάς είσιόντων είς τό περίστωιον», πού μέχρι σήμερα είχε παρανοηθεί. (shrink)

Monod, J. La science, valeur suprême de l'homme.--Caveing, M. Le projet rationnel des sciences contemporaines.--Halbwachs, F. Sur les problèmes de la causalité physique.--Roger, J. Conditions intellectuelles de l'apparition du transformisme.--Gohau, G. Méthode ou système chez Cuvier.--Desanti, J. Les idéalités mathématiques.--Caveing, M. Laicisation de la parole et l'exigence rationnelle.--Mouloud, N. La science du langage et les problèmes philosophiques des sens.--Godelier, M. Marxisme, anthropologie et religion.--Dan, C. Empirisme et réalisme de Marx à Piaget.

Les textes presentes dans ce volume sont ceux des conferences prononcees en seance pleniere dans le cadre du XXVIe Congres international de Philosophie de Langue Francaise (ASPLF), consacre, pour marquer le quatrieme centenaire de la naissance de Descarte, au theme general L'esprit cartesien, et organise du 30 aout au 3 septembre 1996, en Sorbonne et au Palais de l'UNESCO, par la Societe Francaise de Philosophie. Le volume est complete par une version en langue francaise des contributions a un Hommage international (...) a Descartes, prononcees, dans leurs langues respectives, lors de la seance de cloture du Congres. Un CD-Rom (Windows) presentant la version integrale des Actes du Congres est joint a ce volume, dont il constitue le complement necessaire. (shrink)

al-Faylāsūf fī al-mujtamaʻ -- al-Ḥaqīqah wa-al-rifqah al-insānīyah -- Allāh wa-al-ʻilm.

The text is divided into two parts. In the first part, the author describes the eternalists’ and presentists’ positions as the two basic possible statements of the ontology of time . The eternalist position and the emphasis it puts on the actual existence of past and future events are thoroughlly analysed in order to show that in fact, they end up making strings of symbols that are not correct statements. It is therefore necessary to step beyond these clumsy statements and (...) try to understand more exactly the eternalist intuitions on a deeper, metaphysical level. That is the main concern of the second part of the text, in which the metaphysical implications of both positions are compared. At the end of the linguistical analysis in the first part, we got to a point where it may seem that presentism and eternalism are only different attempts at expressing what is in fact the same understanding of the nature of time, but in the metaphysical analysis that follows, it will turn out that they are not. Presentism and eternalism are shown to be two different ontological approaches of time in relation to space . The author then focuses on the consequences these two positions have especially on the concept of the present and of its flow through time. In the end, presentism and eternalism turn out to be completely different positions that – in parallel with the famous McTaggart’s argument – claim a very strong reality of time on the one hand or, on the other hand, its utter unreality. (shrink)